![]() ![]() The machine had two doors, one marked "Gents" and the other marked "Ladies". being allowed to vote on issues but not candidates. Lenna Winslow's 1910 voting machine was designed to offer all the questions on the ballot to men and only some to women because women often had partial suffrage, e.g. The psephograph was first used in a theatre in Rome, where it was used to gauge audience reception to a play: "good", "bad", or "indifferent". ![]() The psephograph would automatically tally the total tokens deposited in each slot. It worked by dropping a metal token into one of several labeled slots. The psephograph was patented by Italian inventor Eugenio Boggiano in 1907. Interlocks behind each row prevented voting for more than one candidate per race, and an interlock with the door of the voting booth reset the machine for the next voter as each voter left the booth. Beranek's machine presented an array of push buttons to the voter, with one row per office on the ballot, and one column per party. In 1881, Anthony Beranek of Chicago patented the first voting machine appropriate for use in a general election in the United States. Spratt's machine was designed for a typical British election with a single plurality race on the ballot. patent for a voting machine that presented the ballot as an array of push buttons, one per candidate. In 1875, Henry Spratt of Kent received a U.S. ![]() The ball advanced a clockwork counter for the corresponding candidate as it passed through the machine, and then fell out the front where it could be given to the next voter. Each voter could only vote once because each voter was given just one brass ball. Each voter was to cast his vote by dropping a brass ball into the appropriate hole in the top of the machine by the candidate's name. This matched the requirements of a British parliamentary election. The Chartist voting machine, attributed to Benjamin Jolly of 19 York Street in Bath, allowed each voter to cast one vote in a single race. This required major changes in the conduct of elections, and as responsible reformers, the Chartists not only demanded reforms but described how to accomplish them, publishing Schedule A, a description of how to run a polling place, and Schedule B, a description of a voting machine to be used in such a polling place. Among the radical reforms called for in The People's Charter were universal suffrage and voting by secret ballot. The first major proposal for the use of voting machines came from the Chartists in the United Kingdom in 1838. The first use of paper ballots was in Rome in 139 BCE, and their first use in the United States was in 1629 to select a pastor for the Salem Church. This procedure served for elected positions, jury procedures, and ostracisms. In ancient Athens (5th and 4th centuries BCE) voting was done by different colored pebbles deposited in urns, and later by bronze markers created by the state and officially stamped. In other political systems where many choices are on the same ballot, tallies are often done by machines to give faster results. Tallies are simplest in parliamentary systems where just one choice is on the ballot, and these are often tallied manually. Machines may be more or less accessible to voters with different disabilities. Voting machines differ in usability, security, cost, speed, accuracy, and ability of the public to oversee elections. Voting machines should not be confused with tabulating machines, which count votes done by paper ballot. Traditionally, a voting machine has been defined by its mechanism, and whether the system tallies votes at each voting location, or centrally. The first voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use electronic voting machines. A voting machine is a machine used to record votes in an election without paper. ![]()
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